London Convention/London Protocol Archives

International Governance of Ocean Iron Fertilization Research: A Case Study of the Proposed Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions Field Experiments

2026

Scholarly Work

Ashwin Murthy, Romany M. Webb

This paper explores the application of the Assessment Framework of the London Convention to a real-world example of ocean iron fertilization

Geoengineering: the Relevance of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the BBNJ Agreement

2025

Scholarly Work

Kristina M. Gjerde, Stephanie Prufer

This article explores the relevant obligations for geoengineering activities with potential impacts on the marine environment and explores what ‘due diligence’ for environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental impact assessments entail

Maritime Boundaries in the Energy Transition: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Storage Across Maritime Jurisdictions

2025

Scholarly Work

Constantinos Yiallourides, Tina Soliman-Hunter

The paper discusses the role of CCS in the low-carbon energy transition, focusing speciﬁcally on international legal aspects related to the storage of CO 2 in sub-seabed geological formations of the continental shelf.

International Governance of Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal: Recent Developments and Future Directions

2024

Scholarly Work

Romany M. Webb

This paper discusses recent efforts to regulate ocean CDR under three long-standing international agreements and discusses options for greater coherence in international governance.

EPA – Regulatory and Statutory Authorities Relevant to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)

2024

News/Commentary

A guide in the form of a table clarifying potentially relevant regulatory and statutory authorities that may be applicable to CCS

State Authority to Regulate Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement

2024

Scholarly Work

Ashwin Murthy, Korey Silverman-Roati, Romany M. Webb

This report provides a detailed examination of the regulatory landscape surrounding Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, a form of marine carbon dioxide removal that seeks to mitigate climate change. The report explores the domestic (U.S.) regulation of OAE

Ocean-based negative emissions technologies: a governance framework review

2023

Scholarly Work

Lina Röschel, Barbara Neumann

This assessment presents gaps and challenges in the existing governance framework for ocean-based negative emissions technologies, as well as needs and opportunities for comprehensive governance of the technologies.

Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Artificial Upwelling and Downwelling: Legal Challenges and Opportunities

2022

Scholarly Work

Romany M. Webb, Korey Silverman-Roati, Michael B. Gerrard

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how existing international and domestic (U.S.) law would apply to artificial upwelling and artificial downwelling projects.

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