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Carbon Dioxide Removal


Ocean Iron Fertilization

Ocean Iron Fertilization is the process of adding iron filings to seawater to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. Ocean fertilization seeks to take advantage of the ocean's natural carbon pump, which uses carbon dioxide at the sea surface and incorporates the carbon, via photosynthesis, into biological tissues which can fall or be transported to the deep ocean. Certain areas of the ocean, including the Southern Ocean, have plentiful nutrients but lack iron, a key trace micronutrient that sea plants known as phytoplankton need to grow. So fertilization with iron has been proposed as a means of accelerating the carbon pump and increasing the size of the ocean carbon sink.
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International Governance of Ocean Iron Fertilization Research: A Case Study of the Proposed Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions Field Experiments

2026
Scholarly Work
Ashwin Murthy, Romany M. Webb
This paper explores the application of the Assessment Framework of the London Convention to a real-world example of ocean iron fertilization

International Governance of Ocean-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal: Recent Developments and Future Directions

2024
Scholarly Work
Romany M. Webb
This paper discusses recent efforts to regulate ocean CDR under three long-standing international agreements and discusses options for greater coherence in international governance.

Developing Model Federal Legislation to Advance Safe and Responsible Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal Research in the United States

2023
Proposed Legislation
Romany M. Webb, Korey Silverman-Roati
This model federal legislation aims to advance safe and responsible ocean carbon dioxide removal (CDR) research in U.S. waters.

Executive Actions to Ensure Safe and Responsible Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal Research in the United States

2023
Policy Proposal
Romany M. Webb, Korey Silverman-Roati
This paper presents recommended actions that federal agencies could take, under existing law, to ensure safe and responsible permitting and regulation of ocean carbon dioxide removal (CDR) research in U.S. waters.

Ocean-based negative emissions technologies: a governance framework review

2023
Scholarly Work
Lina Röschel, Barbara Neumann
This assessment presents gaps and challenges in the existing governance framework for ocean-based negative emissions technologies, as well as needs and opportunities for comprehensive governance of the technologies.

Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Artificial Upwelling and Downwelling: Legal Challenges and Opportunities

2022
Scholarly Work
Romany M. Webb, Korey Silverman-Roati, Michael B. Gerrard
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how existing international and domestic (U.S.) law would apply to artificial upwelling and artificial downwelling projects.

Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Ocean Fertilization: Legal Challenges and Opportunities

2022
Scholarly Work
Korey Silverman-Roati, Romany M. Webb, Michael Gerrard
This paper explores the application of existing international and domestic (U.S.) law to ocean fertilization research and deployment.

Removing Carbon Dioxide Through Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Legal Challenges and Opportunities

2021
Scholarly Work
Romany M. Webb, Korey Silverman-Roati, Michael B. Gerrard
This paper examines the international and U.S. legal frameworks that apply to ocean alkalinity enhancement.

Hugging the Shore: Tackling Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal as a Local Governance Problem

2021
Scholarly Work
Javier Lezaun
This paper outlines some of the key local dimensions of marine CDR as currently imagined, and suggests a framework for increasing local participation in its assessment.

Not an Intractable Challenge: Geoengineering MSR in ABNJ

2021
Scholarly Work
Karen Scott
This book chapter examines the rules relating to marine scientific research (MSR) as they apply to marine geoengineering taking place in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ).

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