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Carbon Dioxide Removal


Ocean Iron Fertilization

Ocean Iron Fertilization is the process of adding iron filings to seawater to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. Ocean fertilization seeks to take advantage of the ocean's natural carbon pump, which uses carbon dioxide at the sea surface and incorporates the carbon, via photosynthesis, into biological tissues which can fall or be transported to the deep ocean. Certain areas of the ocean, including the Southern Ocean, have plentiful nutrients but lack iron, a key trace micronutrient that sea plants known as phytoplankton need to grow. So fertilization with iron has been proposed as a means of accelerating the carbon pump and increasing the size of the ocean carbon sink.
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High Level Review of a Wide Range of Proposed Marine Geoengineering Techniques

2019
Scientific Report
Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP)
This report examines a wide range of marine geoengineering techniques to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and provides a comprehensive review of the international frameworks that govern these techniques.

Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: Current state of knowledge and potential role of philanthropy

2019
Think Tank Report
Antonius Gagern (CEA Consulting)
This document discusses the current knowledge and knowledge gaps relating to the local and global application of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), with a section on the governance considerations associated with the science and technology of OAE.

Role of the ocean in climate stabilization

2019
Scholarly Work
Celina Scott-Buechler, Charles Greene
This chapter reviews the ocean’s potential role in international climate stabilization, and how ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinization, and the storage of carbon in the deep ocean can be used to further support such actions.

Clearing the Air: A Federal RD&D Initiative and Management Plan for Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies

2019
Think Tank Report
Energy Futures Initiative
This report provides a set of recommendations and detailed implementation plans for a 10-year, $10.7 billion research, development, and demonstration initiative in the United States to bring new pathways for technological CDR to commercial readiness.

Carbon Dioxide Removal Geoengineering

2018
Scholarly Work
Kerryn Brent, Jan McDonald, Jeffrey McGee , Brendan Gogarty
Using case studies of BECCS and ocean fertilization CDR techniques, this article examines the capacity of current Australian law to govern CDR research.

Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiments – Past, Present, and Future Looking to a Future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES) Project

2018
Scientific Report
Joo-Eun Yoon, Kyu-Cheul Yoo, Alison M. Macdonald, Ho-Il Yoon, Ki-Tae Park, Eun Jin Yang, Hyun-Cheol Kim, Jae Il Lee, Min Kyung Lee, Jinyoung Jung, Jisoo Park, Jiyoung Lee, Soyeon Kim, Seong-Su Kim, Kitae Kim, Il-Nam Kim
This article suggests designs to maximize the effectiveness of artificial ocean iron fertilization (aOIF) under international aOIF regulations.

Oceans in Transition: Incorporating Climate-Change Impacts into Environmental Impact Assessment for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

2018
Scholarly Work
Robin Warner
This Article reviews the existing international law and policy framework for environmental impact assessment in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with a look at how ocean iron fertilization fits into the existing framework.

Can We Make the Oceans Greener? The Successes and Failures of UNCLOS as an Environmental Treaty

2018
Scholarly Work
Joanna Mossop
The article evaluates if customary international law and treaty negotiations for sustainable use of biodiversity areas beyond national jurisdiction will progress the goal of marine environmental protection, with a brief look at ocean fertilization.

Legal Pathways to Negative Emissions Technologies and Direct Air Capture of Greenhouse Gases

2018
Scholarly Work
Tracy Hester
This Article assesses the legal and policy challenges of decarbonizing the atmosphere itself through negative emission technologies and, in particular, direct air capture.

Going Negative: The Next Horizon in Climate Engineering Law

2018
Scholarly Work
Tracy Hester, Michael B. Gerrard
This article frames the emerging legal challenges for climate engineering research and deployment.

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