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Carbon Dioxide Removal


Ocean Iron Fertilization

Ocean Iron Fertilization is the process of adding iron filings to seawater to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton that absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide. Ocean fertilization seeks to take advantage of the ocean's natural carbon pump, which uses carbon dioxide at the sea surface and incorporates the carbon, via photosynthesis, into biological tissues which can fall or be transported to the deep ocean. Certain areas of the ocean, including the Southern Ocean, have plentiful nutrients but lack iron, a key trace micronutrient that sea plants known as phytoplankton need to grow. So fertilization with iron has been proposed as a means of accelerating the carbon pump and increasing the size of the ocean carbon sink.
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Update on the London Protocol – Developments on Transboundary CCS and on Geoengineering

2014
Scholarly Work
Tim Dixon, Justine Garrett, Edward Kleverlaan
This paper reviews the regulatory developments relating to transboundary carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) activities and regulation of ocean fertilization arising from the work and agreements under the London Protocol from 2010 to 2013.

Climate Geoengineering and Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS and the UNFCCC: Stormy Seas Ahead?

2014
Scholarly Work
Meinhard Doelle
Using the example of geoengineering, this paper considers how tensions between climate mitigation and management and conservation goals are likely to be addressed under the UNCLOS and UNFCCC regimes.

A Navigational System for Uncharted Waters: The London Convention and London Protocol’s Assessment Framework on Ocean Iron Fertilization

2013
Scholarly Work
Melissa Eick
This article examines the London Convention and London Protocol's measures to bring ocean iron fertilization within their regulatory scope.

International Law in the Anthropocene: Responding to the Geoengineering Challenge

2013
Scholarly Work
Karen N. Scott
This article critically assesses the regulatory regime currently being developed by the parties to the 1996 Protocol to the London Convention with respect to scientific research on ocean iron fertilization.

Regulating Ocean Fertilization under International Law: The Risks

2013
Scholarly Work
Karen N. Scott
This paper explores the regulatory regime for ocean fertilization under the dumping regime, which comprises the 1972 London Convention and 1996 Protocol.

Regulating Geoengineering Research through Domestic Environmental Protection Frameworks: Reflections on the Recent Canadian Ocean Fertilization Case

2013
Scholarly Work
Neil Craik, Jason Blackstock, Anna-Maria Hubert
This article considers the application of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) to a controversial ocean iron fertilization project off the coast of British Columbia.

Engineering the Climate: Geoengineering as a Challenge to International Governance

2013
Scholarly Work
David A. Wirth
This essay examines the existing international governance structures to address geoengineering and concludes that they are inadequate to the task and makes recommendations for structural adaptations in international governance to address the problem.

Does Geoengineering Present a Moral Hazard?

2013
Scholarly Work
Albert C. Lin
This article examines the critical question of whether geoengineering presents a moral hazard by drawing on empirical studies of moral hazard and risk compensation and on the psychology literature of heuristics and cultural cognition.

A Matter of Scale: Regional Climate Engineering and the Shortfalls of Multinational Governance

2013
Scholarly Work
Tracy D. Hester
This article explores new ways to regulate climate engineering research through a cumulative bottom-up governance approach that would rely on networks of regional treaties, agreements and resolutions rather than a sweeping international convention.

Regulating Geoengineering in International Environmental Law

2013
Scholarly Work
Tuomas Kuokkanen , Yulia Yamineva
The article shows how regulating geoengineering activities, including ocean iron fertilization, through existing environmental protection regimes may lead to a governance and legal landscape that is fragmented, incoherent, and incomprehensive.

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