Summary/Abstract
This paper identifies ways to foreground adaptation in carbon removal policies and project designs and to incorporate carbon removal into adaptation efforts. Based upon four case studies of addressing adaptation needs with adaptive carbon removal, the paper finds that effective implementation is likely to hinge upon predictable climate policy, innovative technical policies such as rigorous life-cycle assessment, and project design with local ecological conditions in mind. The paper proposes three principles for integrating carbon removal and adaptation: identify opportunities for adaptive carbon removal in planning, prioritize adaptive value of projects, and give credit for carbon removed.